"Escrúpulos religiosos extremos" y delirio místico - religioso: entre la devoción cristiana y la psicopatología en Colombia, 1920-1960 / "Extreme religious scruples" or mystical delirium - religious: between christian devotion and psychopathology in Colombia, 1920-1960

OBJETIVO: comprender la semiología del delirio místico-religioso y la incidencia del contenido sociocultural en la configuración de los síntomas en la psicopatología moderna en Colombia, 1920-1960. METODOLOGÍA: investigación histórico-hermenéutica, mediante análisis de una serie de historias clínicas del antiguo Manicomio Departamental de Antioquia y del Asilo Psiquiátrico San Isidro del Valle del Cauca. RESULTADOS: entre las psicopatologías más recurrentes en las que se manifestaron los delirios se encuentra el grupo de las manías, principalmente la intermitente, psicosis maniaco-depresiva y melancolía; seguido por la esquizofrenia paranoide, y también fue frecuente en la psicosis puerperal o posparto; asimismo, se presentó en la parálisis general progresiva (neurosífilis) y en el síndrome cerebral agudo o estado de confusión agudo, nosografía moderna dada al delirio. Según las historias clínicas, la exaltación de ideas religiosas confluye en un delirio polimorfo. Los síntomas más recurrentes fueron las alucinaciones visuales y auditivas, logorrea o locuacidad, insomnio, negativismo alimentario acompañado de miedo a ser envenenado, excitación psicomotora o hiperquinética, accesos de furia controlados con camisa de fuerza y otros medios de contención, intento de suicidio y tendencia a la fuga de la casa, por lo tanto, se consideraba de peligrosidad para sí mismos y para los demás

OBJECTIVE: To understand the semiotics of mystical-religious delirium and the incidence of sociocultural content in the configuration of symptoms in modern psychiatry in Colombia, 1920-1960. METHODOLOGY: hermeneutic historical, research by analysis of a series of case histories of the old Madhouse Department of Antioquia and the Psychiatric Asylum San Isidro del Valle del Cauca. RESULTS: Among the most frequent psychopathologies in which delusions demonstrated is the group of hobbies, mainly intermittent, manic depression and melancholy; followed by paranoid schizophrenia, and was also common in puerperal or postpartum psychosis; He also appeared in general paresis (neurosyphilis) and acute brain syndrome or acute confusional state, delirium given modern nosography. According to medical records, the exaltation of religious ideas comes together in a polymorph delirium. The most frequent symptoms were visual and auditory hallucinations, logorrea or talkativeness, insomnia, accompanied food negativism fear of being poisoned, psychomotor or hyperkinetic excitement, fits of rage controlled straitjacket and other means of containment, attempted suicide and trend the escape of the house, therefore it was considered dangerous to themselves and others

[Evidence of the political use of medical science in a Brazilian newspaper article on the Chilean president José Manuel Balmaceda in 1891]. / Evidencias del uso político de la ciencia médica en un artículo de la prensa brasileña alusivo al presidente de Chile José Manuel Balmaceda en 1891.

In the midst of the Civil War in Chile in 1891, the Brazilian newspaper Diário de Campinas published an article entitled "Balmaceda," by Joaquim Nogueira de Sá Itagiba, which analyzes the delirium of Chilean politician José Manuel Balmaceda, president of the Republic from 1886 to 1891 in order to explain his behavior, which it defines as characteristic of a dictator and a tyrant. The article makes liberal use of various psychiatric theories that sought to identify the criminal subject in response to ideals of social normalization. The article was part of the book La prensa extranjera y la dictadura chilena, by Alberto Fagalde, published in 1891, in Chile.

En medio de la Guerra Civil ocurrida en Chile el año 1891, apareció publicado en el periódico brasileño Diário de Campinas el artículo titulado "Balmaceda", de autoría de Joaquim Nogueira de Sá Itagiba, donde analiza el delirio del político chileno José Manuel Balmaceda, presidente de la República entre 1886 y 1891, explicando su comportamiento, definido como el característico del dictador y el tirano. El artículo es pródigo en la utilización de diversas teorías alienistas que intentan identificar al sujeto criminal, respondiendo a los ideales de normalización social. El artículo forma parte del libro La prensa extranjera y la dictadura chilena, de Alberto Fagalde, publicado en 1891, en Chile.

Evidencias del uso político de la ciencia médica en un artículo de la prensa brasileña alusivo al presidente de Chile José Manuel Balmaceda en 1891 / Evidence of the political use of medical science in a Brazilian newspaper article on the Chilean president José Manuel Balmaceda in 1891

Resumen En medio de la Guerra Civil ocurrida en Chile el año 1891, apareció publicado en el periódico brasileño Diário de Campinas el artículo titulado "Balmaceda", de autoría de Joaquim Nogueira de Sá Itagiba, donde analiza el delirio del político chileno José Manuel Balmaceda, presidente de la República entre 1886 y 1891, explicando su comportamiento, definido como el característico del dictador y el tirano. El artículo es pródigo en la utilización de diversas teorías alienistas que intentan identificar al sujeto criminal, respondiendo a los ideales de normalización social. El artículo forma parte del libro La prensa extranjera y la dictadura chilena, de Alberto Fagalde, publicado en 1891, en Chile.

Abstract In the midst of the Civil War in Chile in 1891, the Brazilian newspaper Diário de Campinas published an article entitled "Balmaceda," by Joaquim Nogueira de Sá Itagiba, which analyzes the delirium of Chilean politician José Manuel Balmaceda, president of the Republic from 1886 to 1891 in order to explain his behavior, which it defines as characteristic of a dictator and a tyrant. The article makes liberal use of various psychiatric theories that sought to identify the criminal subject in response to ideals of social normalization. The article was part of the book La prensa extranjera y la dictadura chilena, by Alberto Fagalde, published in 1891, in Chile.

"Nabucco" by Giuseppe Verdi: A Case of Delirium in an Italian Romantic Opera.

Italian operas can provide relevant information on the medical knowledge during the Romantic Age, especially in the field of neuroscience. One of the most renowned operas, "Nabucco" by Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901) may provide us with some information on the state of knowledge on neuropsychiatric diseases in the first part of the nineteenth century. The main character of this opera, the Assyrian king Nabucco suffers from delirium. Psychic signs and symptoms attributed to Nabucco in Verdi's opera could have been influenced by a better knowledge of neuropsychiatric diseases in the nineteenth century. Furthermore, the representation of Nabucco's mental illness in the opera could also have been influenced by direct experiences of Verdi himself, who seems to have suffered from recurrent depressive episodes in that period, and for the rest of his life.

From Georgia to Jerusalem: some Medical Aspects of "The Knight in the Panther's Skin" by Shota Rustaveli.

The Georgian poet Rustaveli wrote his epic poem The Knight in the Panther's Skin around 1200. He knew the works of Hippocrates and Galen, and believed in the unity of body and soul.Thereare many references to health and medicine in the poem, and we shall highlight some of them. In 1185 Rustaveli left Georgia and settled in Jerusalem. There he lived and died at the Monastery of the Cross, where he was buried.

Delirium: its historical evolution and current interpretation.

Delirium was one of the first mental disorders ever to be described, though it remains an elusive concept to this day. Historically, delirium has developed from the prototype of acute confusion with psychomotor agitation. It was thought to be caused by the withdrawal of substance dependence or severe somatic diseases accompanying by fever; however only in the 20th century, it was concluded that delirium and similar states manifest themselves as a consciousness disorder, and is not a specific state of somatic diseases. Four core features defines delirium at present: a disturbance of consciousness, a disturbance of cognition, limited course and external causation. However, these features do not include common manifestations of delirium in elderly patients with dementia; therefore the concept of delirium should be revised and corrected.

Delirium e confusão mental no século XIX: uma história conceitual / Delirium and confusion in the 19th century: a conceptual history

O delirium permaneceu uma categoria psiquiátrica estável até oinício do século XIX, quando passou por uma redefinição etiológica efenomenológica, precipitando a transformação das insanidadesfuncionais em psicoses.A confusão, introduzida pelos franceses ao longo da segundametade do século, referia-se a uma síndrome mais ampla (porémincluindo) o delirium. Enfatizava o pensamento caótico e as falhascognitivas. A noção de turvação da consciência (e desorientaçãotemporoespacial) estabeleceu um denominador comum para as duasconcepções, enquanto Chaslin e Bonhoeffer redefiniram a confusão eo delirium como as manifestações estereotipadas da insuficiênciacerebral aguda.AU

Delirium remained a stable psychiatric category until the early 19th century whenit underwent aetiological and phenomenological redefinition, precipitating thetransformation of the functional insanities into psychoses. Confusion, introduced by theFrench during the second half of the century, referred to a syndrome wider than (butincluding) delirium. It emphasized chaotic thinking and cognitive failure. The notionof clouding of consciousness (and tempora-spatial disorientation) established acommon denominator for the two concepts, while Chaslin and Bonhoeffer redefinedconfusion and delirium asthe stereotyped manifestations of acute brain failure.AU

El delirium permaneció una categoría psiquiátrica estable hasta inicios de sigloXIX, cuando pasó por una redefinición etiológica e fenomenológica, precipitando latransformación de las insanias funcionales en psicosis.La confusión, introducida por los franceses a lo largo de la segunda mitad desiglo, se refería a un síndrome más amplio (pero incluyendo) o delirium. Enfatizaba elpensamiento caótico y las fallas cognitivas. La noción de turbación de la conciencia(y desorientación temporal-espacial) estableció un denominador común para las dosconcepciones, en cuanto Chaslin y Bonhoeffer redefinieron la confusión y el deliriumcomo as manifestaciones estereotipadas de la insuficiencia cerebral aguda.AU

Le délire était une catégorie psychiatrique stable jusqu’au début du XIXe siècle.Elle subi alors une redéfinition étiologique et phénoménologique précipitant latransformation des insanités fonctionnels dans les psychoses. La confusion, introduitepar les français au cours de la seconde moitié du siècle, renvoie à un syndrome plusample que le délire (et l’inclut). Elle met en relief la pensée chaotique et les échecscognitifs. La notion de trouble de la conscience (et de la désorientation temporospatiale)a établi un dénominateur commun pour les deux concepts, tandis que Chaslinet Bonhoeffer ont redéfini la confusion et le délire comme des manifestationsstéréotypées de la défaillance cérébrale aiguë.AU

Delirium e confusão mental no século XIX: uma história conceitual / Delirium and confusion in the 19th century: a conceptual history / Le délire et la confusion au XIX e siècle: une histoire conceptuelle / El delirium y la confusión en el sigo XIX: una historia conceptual

O delirium permaneceu uma categoria psiquiátrica estável até o início do século XIX, quando passou por uma redefinição etiológica efenomenológica, precipitando a transformação das insanidades funcionais em psicoses.A confusão, introduzida pelos franceses ao longo da segunda metade do século, referia-se a uma síndrome mais ampla (porém incluindo) o delirium. Enfatizava o pensamento caótico e as falhas cognitivas. A noção de turvação da consciência (e desorientação temporoespacial) estabeleceu um denominador comum para as duas concepções, enquanto Chaslin e Bonhoeffer redefiniram a confusão eo delirium como as manifestações estereotipadas da insuficiência cerebral aguda.

Delirium remained a stable psychiatric category until the early 19th century whenit underwent aetiological and phenomenological redefinition, precipitating the transformation of the functional insanities into psychoses. Confusion, introduced by the French during the second half of the century, referred to a syndrome wider than (butincluding) delirium. It emphasized chaotic thinking and cognitive failure. The notionof clouding of consciousness (and tempora-spatial disorientation) established acommon denominator for the two concepts, while Chaslin and Bonhoeffer redefined confusion and delirium asthe stereotyped manifestations of acute brain failure.

El delirium permaneció una categoría psiquiátrica estable hasta inicios de sigloXIX, cuando pasó por una redefinición etiológica e fenomenológica, precipitando latransformación de las insanias funcionales en psicosis.La confusión, introducida por los franceses a lo largo de la segunda mitad desiglo, se refería a un síndrome más amplio (pero incluyendo) o delirium. Enfatizaba elpensamiento caótico y las fallas cognitivas. La noción de turbación de la conciencia(y desorientación temporal-espacial) estableció un denominador común para las dosconcepciones, en cuanto Chaslin y Bonhoeffer redefinieron la confusión y el deliriumcomo as manifestaciones estereotipadas de la insuficiencia cerebral aguda.

Le délire était une catégorie psychiatrique stable jusqu’au début du XIXe siècle.Elle subi alors une redéfinition étiologique et phénoménologique précipitant latransformation des insanités fonctionnels dans les psychoses. La confusion, introduitepar les français au cours de la seconde moitié du siècle, renvoie à un syndrome plusample que le délire (et l’inclut). Elle met en relief la pensée chaotique et les échecscognitifs. La notion de trouble de la conscience (et de la désorientation temporospatiale)a établi un dénominateur commun pour les deux concepts, tandis que Chaslinet Bonhoeffer ont redéfini la confusion et le délire comme des manifestationsstéréotypées de la défaillance cérébrale aiguë.

Causalidad psíquica en un caso de locura. A propósito de Unica Zürn / Psychic causality in a case of folly. Apropos of Unica Zürn

Mediante el análisis de la obra literaria de la autora alemana Unica Zürn se pretende dar cuenta de la causalidad psíquica de su locura. Los tres textos autobiográficos que se trabajan en este análisis son: El trapecio del destino y otros cuentos, El hombre jazmín. Impresiones de una enfermedad mental y Primavera sombría (AU)

By analyzing the literary work of the German writer Unica Zürn, the author seeks to account for the mental causation of her insanity. The three autobiographical texts worked out this analysis are: The trapezium on destination and other stories, The man of jasmine. Impressions from a mental illness and Dark spring (AU)

[The psychopathology of delirium. Evolution of the research from Jaspers to Kapur]. / Psicopatologia del delirio. Evoluzione storica della ricerca da Jaspers a Kapur.

Delirium represents a symptom of a thought disorder in which a belief is strongly held in spite of invalidating evidence. Many varieties of delirium have been described and this symptom is common in psychotic disorders (schizophrenia, brief psychotic disorder, chronic delusional disorders, etc.), affective disorders (major depressive disorder, psychotic depression, melancholic depression, bipolar disorder, etc.), organic illnesses and psychotropic substance abuse. Delirium has been deeply studied by psychopathology. Our work offers an overview of the most relevant psychopathological descriptions of delirium in the last century, from Jaspers to Kapur.

Hallaran's circulating swing.

William Saunders Hallaran (c.1765-1825) was physician superintendent at the County and City of Cork Lunatic Asylum for 40 years, where he distinguished between mental insanity and organic (systemic) delirium. In treatment he used emetics and purgatives, digitalis and opium, the shower bath and exercise, and argued that patients should be saved from 'unavoidable sloth' by mental as well as manual occupation. However, it is as an exponent of the circulating swing, proposed by Erasmus Darwin and used by Joseph Cox, that he is remembered. His best results were achieved, as he recorded in An Enquiry in 1810, by inducing sleep in mania of recent onset, but perhaps his most enduring observation was that some of his patients enjoyed the rotatory experience, and he had enough sense to allow the use of the swing as a mode of amusement.

The vocabulary of madness from Homer to Hippocrates. Part 1: the verbal group of mualphaiotanuomicronmualphaiota.

In Part 1 of this two-part paper, I examine the evolution of the concept of madness expressed by the various forms--verbal and nominal, simple and compound--of the verbal group of mualphaiotanuomicronmualphaiota in the archaic and classical periods. I point out how the divine madness is contrasted to pathological madness considered as a psychic and mental disease and foreseeable by doctors as well as curable by medications. This new procedure highlights rational knowledge of the Greeks about the cause and the medical care of madness.

Psicosis Delirantes Crónicas / Chronic Delirious Psychosis

Los delirios crónicos constituyen una de las unidades de organización de la clínica psiquiátrica moderna tal cual ésta se conformó desde mediados del siglo XIX. En el presente artículo se expone el proceso de surgimiento y diferenciación de estos cuadros clínicos en relación a los diferentes marcos teóricos que permiten su justificación desde el siglo XIX hasta el surgimiento de las clasificaciones globalizantes (DSM y CJE) observando su inclusión o desaparición en las mismas. Posteriormente se presentan las características clínicas de presentación y evolución de sus cuadros más destacados.

Chronic delusions are one of the organization units of modern psychiatry since it took shape around the middle of the 19th century. This paper states the emergence and differentiation process of these clinical manifestations in relation to the different theoretical frameworks that explain them, from the 19th century to the rise of encompassing classifications (DSM and CIE) while pointing out their inclusion or disappearance. Then it exposes the clinical characteristics of the appearance and evolution of its main clinical manifestations.